The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of...

HIPPA Compliance Administrators that practice in a healthcare setting are used to the turbulence and at times rapid change in healthcare. They find themselves in the private, public, or non-profit sectors of health care, managed care arrangements, integrated service networks, or community agencies. To be an effective manager, it is important to understand the legal and ethical principles that are included in this environment and the legal relationship between consumer and the organization. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, also known as HIPAA, was created to prevent the unauthorized release of patient information. The Office for Civil Rights enforces the HIPAA Privacy Rule, which protects the privacy of†¦show more content†¦Personal health information can be anything from general information such as the patient’s name, medical record number, social security number, address, or even their date of birth. Any health information pertains to the patient such as diagnosis, medical history, medications. Employees must make sure no medical paper work is visible as well as screen protectors are on all computer screens, where you may be documenting health information. It is important that all health care employees log out of a computer when they leave that station. Employees that are aware of a breach of confidently should use their change of command set up by their facility also notify their incidents or situations to their hospital’s privacy officer. To promote the proper use of health information, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH Act, was created. Prior to the HITECH Act, HIPAA violations only resulted in minimal fines. Violations would result in a $100 fine, and a covered entity could only achieve a total of $25,000 in fines in one calendar year. The HITECH Act has broken the violations down into four categories, and has distributed the fines across them based on the category of violation. The first category would be a violations that caused by someone who didn’t know they were violating HIPAA. The fines for this tier are in the range The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of... HIPPA and Information Management Introduction The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) was passed to protect patients, it offer the following benefits (a) enables the patient to find out how their health records can be used, (b) limits the release of personnel health records, (c) patients have the opportunity to receive a copy of their health records, and (d) gives the patient the authority to control if their information will be disclosed to a third party. Under HIPPA any information that can be used to identify an individual is covered under the law. HIPPA and information management allows the federal government to implement guidelines to ensure that there are standards in place during the (a)†¦show more content†¦Literature Review HIPPA and Information Management Regulatory Background HIPAA and Information Management is a set of guidelines that have been established by the Federal government to protect the privacy and security of health information. The government passed the HIPPA legislation to accomplish the following: (a) expedite quality health care, (b) increase control over and access of medical records, and (c) decrease administrative cost of healthcare providers (Artnak, Benson, 2005). The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is the federal agency that has been mandated to develop guidelines, and procedures. The government published the HIPPA privacy rules and the HIPPA security rules (National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2008). HIPPA laws are designed to (a) protect the person’s medical records, (b) protect personal information, (c) provide protection to medical professionals, and (d) offer the capability to incorporate new technology to improve the quality and efficiency of patient care (HHS, n.d.a). As a result of the rapid change in technology there are concerns regarding how to secure and manage electronic health records. Can anyone guarantee that electronic health records will ever be 100% secure? If you think about it, when medical records were strictly maintained using paper no one could offer 100% security. The government has measures in place to keep up with the ever so changing world of information The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of... Another important component within Healthcare information security is having the necessary legal backing to create and enforce information security laws. Without such laws, healthcare providers would not be required to show due diligence in protecting patient information, and patient information would be at risk. Thus, legislation is beginning to play a significant role in establishing rules, regulations, and consequences. For instance, the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) maintains one of the most well-known laws meant to protect the privacy of health information - the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). HIPAA is composed of statute and rules such as the Privacy Rule, Security Rule, Breach Notification Rule,†¦show more content†¦For instance, while the HIPAA mandates risk assessment and risk management, it â€Å"does not mandate the frequency of reviews or updates† (Sayles Trawick, 2010, p. 304-305). Thus, lack of specifics can lead to s ome inadequacies or inconsistencies within the legal system, causing healthcare providers and/or patients to adopt information technology with reluctance. Ultimately, enforceable legislation is a significant step for obtaining a strong foundation for information security in healthcare. It is imperative that the legal system be able to dynamically and quickly adapt to the needs of the healthcare industry, in order to keep pace with information technology and the latest security threats. In addition to legal support, standards have been implemented to assist with health information security. For instance, the ISO/IEC 27002 is a standard that was created in the mid 1990’s to provide theory and recommended techniques for dealing with information security. Furthermore, the ISO 27799 supplements the ISO/IEC 27002 by providing more detailed guidance that has been customized for the healthcare industry. According to Fernà ¡ndez-Alemà ¡n, Seà ±or, Lozoya, Toval, the ISO 27799 standard â€Å"provides clear, concise and healthcare-specific guidance on the selection and implementation of security controls for the protection of health information, and is adaptable to the wide range of sizes, locations, and service delivery models found in healthcare.† Thus, it would appear that

IIO course Free Essays

For example, learning through trial and error how to interact with one’s spouse or one’s boss intelligently may be expensive for the person as well as for others in terms of emotional energy drained, career failure, or broken relationships. This course will take you through the accumulated wisdom on interpersonal skills. After all, wise people learn from others’ experience and from the accumulated wisdom. We will write a custom essay sample on IIO course or any similar topic only for you Order Now Learning Goals: In addition to the course objectives mentioned above, students should expect to develop the following by end of the course 1 . Decision Making Skills and Analytical Ability : An ability to arrive at a feasible criteria for Implementation of a decision among a set of equally competitive possibilities : through quantitative and / or qualitative analysis of data and contextual information / industry analysis . Critical Analysis and Creative Communication Skills: Each student should be able to identify key issues relevant to this course, develop a perspective supported by externally obtained / instructor provided information ; capacity to distinguish between major, minor, peripheral and irrelevant factors as well as exogenous and endogenous variables ; and present and defend the decision arrived at based on the assessment criteria already established. . Interpersonal Communication and Group Working Ability: Each student is required to demonstrate an ability to appreciate peer group member view point and work In team environment, exalting a clear understanding of Individual roles and tasks, ability to Identify and resolve Required Text Book: Hunter, J. C. (1998). The servant: A simple story about the true essence of leadership (p. 187). New York: Crown Business. Additional Readings: as per course outline EVALUATION COMPONENTS: Components of Course Evaluation Percentage Distribution Class Participation You should come to class fully prepared with each session’s prescribed readings completed (prepared means being capable of starting an educated discussion or answering the facilitator’s questions in class on any section). A deep and thorough understanding of the required readings is expected. Preparedness will be tested individually by asking questions to some students. If you are unable to answer questions satisfactorily, you will lose 5 percentage points of the weighted for this course each time you fail to answer a question raised by the faculty in the class (this means that if you fail to answer four questions in class, you will lose the entire 20% for class participation). Moreover, for each session you must summarize your insights n the form of a short sentence/phrase of not more than 140-characters (including spaces). This â€Å"tweet† for each session must be submitted on the web link provided to you before 0600 hours on the day of the session. The tweet must not be picked up from any of the prescribed readings, but is a summary of your insights from the readings. Do not share your tweet with others- if two or more students have very similar or same tweets, then all concerned students will lose all marks for their submission. Quizzes (There will be one quiz at the end of the course, which will include only little-choice questions with h negative marking). 80% Total 100 COURSE MATERIAL AND HANDOUTS: Soft copies of course material including case studies will be uploaded in the blackboard. Hard copies will be distributed prior to the class and will be available at resource center SESSION WISE TOPICS AND READINGS: session NO-I Session Title Introduction students learn about leadership through service to others. Journal of Business Ethics, 15 (1), 103-110. Pedagogy Lecture and Discussion Session No-2 Session Title Introduction to Karma-Yoga Reading Material Karma in its effect on character. Karma-Yoga, 1-12. Hunter Prologue. Pedagogy Lecture and Discussion Session No-3 Session Title Leadership and Power Reading Material Hunter Chapter 1 (The Definitions). What is duty? Karma-Yoga, 52-64. Pedagogy Lecture and Discussion Session No-4 Session Title Introduction to Servant Leadership Reading Material Hunter Chapter 2 (The old paradigm) Hunter Chapter 3 (The model). Pedagogy Lecture and Discussion Session No-5 Session Title Love and Leadership Reading Material Hunter Chapter 4 (The verb). We help ourselves, not the world. Karma-Yoga, 65-77. Session No-6 Session Title Managing the Environment Reading Material Hunter Chapter 5 (The environment) Hunter Chapter 6 (The choice). Session No-7 Session Title Why lead? Reading Material Hunter Chapter 7 (The payoff Hunter Epilogue The ideal of Karma- Yoga. Karma-Yoga, 117-131. ATTENDANCE Regularity in Attendance Regular attendance is considered extremely important in the BGP. All students therefore, must comply on regular attendance in class. The relative deduction of having attendance of less than 60% (irrespective of medical certificates) shall not be permitted to appear for the examination in that term/academic year and will carry â€Å"F† read in the course. Institute uses biometric attendance for recording attendance of students. In the event of two continuous sessions, students are required to punch twice at the beginning of each session if there is a break in between the sessions. The class room doors will be closed within 5 minutes of starts for each session. Student attendance will be a component while grading them for the course. If the instructor wishes to take physical attendance along with the Biometric attendance, they will communicate the same in the class. In this case also Biometric attendance ill be the official record (and not the physical attendance) for the course. Instructors have been advised to report about habitual absentees (habitual absentee is defined as students absent in the class for more than three classes consecutively). Unauthorized absence from class/institute will be considered a breach of discipline and the Institute will be free to take appropriate action in such cases. The same student will be asked to face disciplinary committee. Students will not be given any attendance for any committee related activities which warrants them to drop from the class. They are required to undertake all committee related work beyond class hours. Under extra-ordinary circumstances, students may obtain leave of absence under the following rules and procedures: Prior permission of the Director BGP must be obtained for availing of leave. Students are not permitted to go out of station during the terms. In the event of students visiting their local guardian for overnight stay, they must inform the Director BGP and adman office (Officer in charge of hostels) and only travel after receiving a proper gate pass. If a student is noticed to be out of station for overnight thou any intimation to the Director BGP, disciplinary action will be taken against him/her to the extent of debarring the student from appearing in the examinations. In case of sickness, medical certificate issued and/or countersigned by the doctor along with the prescribed application form must be submitted to the BGP Office within 3 days of Joining classes after illness. No student shall be allowed to Join the program unless he/she presents a medical fitness certificate duly endorsed by a Medical Officer of the designated hospital only. No medical certificates from doctors there than the Institute approved hospital will be entertained. Institute’s approved hospital’s Medical Officers will issue medical certificates only in case of diagnosed illness where they are convinced that the student is too ill to attend classes. These include hospitalizing, communicable diseases (chicken-pox, jaundice and typhoid) and accidental injuries (fractures, deep traumas). Cases depending on the genuinely of the case by the BGP Director. However no compensatory attendance and examination will be held for the period of leave. Students will be awarded grades on the basis of their attendance level and reference only in the classes from which they were present. Before applying for leave to the Director BGP a student should contact his/her course instructors to ensure that he/she is not missing any quizzes or examinations during the leave period. The BGP Office or the faculty concerned will not be responsible for the student losing any segment of evaluation on account of his/her leave. No compensatory opportunity will be given for quizzes and other class room based components on account of leave of any kind. Attendance and Performance Grade Penalty Each student is expected to attend a minimum of 80% of classes in each course. The grade penalty will be imposed on all the students who do not meet the minimum 80% attendance requirements in each course in the following manner: Attendance of Student Performance Grade Penalty More than or equal to 70% but less than One grade drop (e. G. From A to A-) More than or equal to but less than 70% Two grade drop (e. . From A to B+) Less than 60% F grade will be awarded If a student gets D grade in a particular course and also gets a grade drop due to attendance shortage, ‘D’ will become an ‘F’ grade. If a student fails to meet the specified attendance requirement, his/her grade in the respective course(s) would be ordered by the Director BGP in accordance with the grade penalty rules laid down above. Ex iting and Entering Students are expected to remain in the classroom, be mentally alert, and participate in the class proceedings for the duration. If a student must leave early for unavoidable reasons, that student should obtain permission from the professor before the class begins. Leaving and re-entering the class is not permitted, except under extraordinary circumstances. Faculty members may cross check the attendance and if a student is found absent in the class, the case will be sent to spieling committee and actions will be taken by the committee. Norms of Behavior Students should demonstrate respect for Faculty and fellow students. Respectful behavior contributes to the enhanced learning experience. Students should refrain from disruptive behavior such as eating, using laptops, and holding side- conversations. Using laptops during is allowed only on the instruction of the proper forum instead of seeking an immediate solution. All grievances may be addressed to the BGP-Director or respective functional heads and in his absence, to the Executive Director. In such cases, a copy should be marked o the above. Respect the Facilities Students are expected to help maintain chairs, display screen, desktop computers, LCD, tables, window curtains and electrical fittings in good usable condition and not damage them or render them useless. Students are expected not to destroy the classroom ambiance. The cost of damage, loss or theft on account of students will be recovered from them. When this cannot be attributed to one student, the cost will be recovered from an identifiable group of which the individual is a part or from the entire batch. Students are expected to use cans to dispose of trash. They are also encouraged to remove defacing or unclean material voluntarily. Essentially, students should always use proper reporting and escalating mechanisms for concerns and issues. Under no circumstances should students take matters into their own hands. Students are expected to use only the students’ dining hall for dining. Classrooms or any of the other administrative or academic areas shall not be used for dining. Great Lakes has adopted the principle of preserving the environment. Therefore, it tries to inculcate in the minds of its students and staff, a sense of being one with tauter causing no harm anytime, anywhere, and under any circumstances which will result in damage to the environment. Smoking, chewing tobacco and drinking alcohol in and around the premises is strictly prohibited. Severe penalties will accrue to those students caught violating this. Use of Laptops in the class Use of laptops in the class is strictly prohibited during class hours, unless specifically authorized by the Faculty or the Academic Administration. Biometric Readers: Bio-metric readers are installed for attendance in class rooms. Students must register their attendance using only these devices. How to cite IIO course, Papers

Brave New World Essay Research Paper Sometimes free essay sample

Brave New World Essay, Research Paper Sometimes really advanced societies overlook the necessities of the person. In the book Brave New World, Aldous Huxley creates two distinguishable societies: the Savages and the Fordians. The Fordians are technologically sophisticated, unlike the Savages. However, it is obvious that, overall, the Savages have more practical abilities, have more, complicated, ideals, and are much more advanced emotionally, which all help the person to turn. The Savage Reservation provides more chances for personal growing than does the Fordian society. Throughout the narrative, it is shown how the Fordian society is much more advanced technologically than the Savage Reservation. Because the Reservation is non to the full equipped with well-developed machinery to make all their work for them, they must larn to make it themselves. Unlike the Fordians, the Savages are taught functional accomplishments, such as sewing up simple cryings and weaving. In the narrative Mitsima, an old adult male from the reserve, teaches John the Savage how to do a clay pot, utilizing nil but a ball of clay and his ain two custodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World Essay Research Paper Sometimes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is a really practical and utile tool. The Savages are taught to cook for themselves, and to clean for themselves. These instructions help the person to turn practically. The Savages besides bestow good ideals in their people from which they can larn, understand, and grow. One of the most of import things that the Savages are taught is self-control. The Whipping Ceremony is a good illustration of this. In this ceremonial a immature adult male was whipped to decease in forepart of a big audience and throughout it he made no sound? [ and ] walked on at the same slow, steady gait ( 97 ) . The adult male is taught that to demo his strength he must utilize the extreme bounds of his self-denial. They are besides taught self-denial in how they are prohibited free sex. They must larn restraint through their lecherousness and desires. It is shown how capable the Savages are when commanding themselves in chapter 13. Lenina, whom John loves and desires more than anything in the universe, is proclaiming herself to John, and yet he restrains himself because they are non married. The Savages are besides taught to be responsible. For case, in households the parents must care for, love, and nurture their kids as best they can in order for them to develop. An illustration O degree Fahrenheit this is how Linda takes full duty for raising John, and even though she has really few accomplishments, she teaches him to read. Another thing that the Savages provide for their people is a yesteryear from which to larn. For illustration the old work forces in the Pueblo Tell narratives of how the universe began. They said that the seed of work forces and of all animals, the seed of the Sun and the seed of the Earth is how the universe was created ( 109 ) . The Savages can larn from this narrative non to take advantage of things. Thingss must be tended to for growing, like seeds. This narrative besides gives people the feeling that all things are equal. By stating that no affair how large or of import something is, it started as a seed, and requires the same type of attention, it is like stating that everything is every bit of import and cherished. Self-denial, strength, duty, and history are merely three of the ideals Savages are taught to assist them turn. The Savages are non withheld from experiencing emotion, and are encouraged to cover with them, instead than disregard them. This is shown is the disdain the Savage boys show towards John because he is different, and the hurting John feels. Even though these are non happy emotions they are still emotions which the Savages can utilize to show themselves. These emotions can be used as learning experiences and surely assist all of them to grow. The Savages are besides taught to show love. This is chiefly shown in the relationship between John and Linda. For illustration, when the angry adult females come to injury Linda, John tries to protect her and ends up himself acquiring hurt. Their love for each other is besides shown in how Linda reconciles with John after aching him when she all of a sudden put her weaponries round him and kissed him once more and once more ( 107 ) . All of these emotions contribute to person # 8217 ; s personality and assist him or her to turn as a feeling individual. Since the industrial revolution, human sort has placed great accent on technological alteration. The Savage society teaches us that pre-industrial values may hold every bit much to offer us as modern technological society does, and perchance more. The alleged Savage society is far more realistic, and shows stronger personal values than the more superficial Fordian society. Above all, the # 8216 ; Savages # 8217 ; can show their inner psyche far more efficaciously than their industrial opposite numbers.

Pros and Cons of Unions Essay Example

Pros and Cons of Unions Paper McKamie 1 Wendy McKamie Mrs. Cornelius Business Law October 6, 2011 The Pros and Cons of Unions During the active growth of the industrial movement in the nineteenth century, uneducated country fold went to larger cities to work in factories and ended up in substandard work environments, more often than not making low wages. Labor unions formed as a way for these workers to band together to have equal rights. Labor unions help their members by negotiating wages, benefits and working conditions – also known as collective bargaining Ashcroft and Ashcroft, 354). A single worker would have a slim chance acquiring a raise by simply going to the employer and requesting one. However, a union worker has the backing of a group of people that all work towards the same goal. The union has the benefit of representing the entire workforce, therefore having more success. On the down side, unions have so much power they can sometimes raise wages and benefits to unrealistically high levels. W hen this happens, the cost of labor is often passed down to the consumer, making products more expensive. The trickle-down effect hurts the economy and brings the cost of living to levels that the average Joe can’t always handle. It is simple economics. If labor costs are higher than the market determines it should be, after taking into account all other factors that make up production, then workers will be laid off or their compensation will be decreased. Wages are an important factor of production (Harding, 2011) Benefits offered through a union include family health care that never denies coverage, disability insurance, retirement and death benefits. Regardless if they are working or not, if the union dues are paid, they will always have these benefits. Members have to pay a fee to be in the union. Commonly called union dues, this is often a deterrent for someone that is not yet a member of a union. They feel they are â€Å"paying† someone else so they can have a job. A union member has to remain in good standing even when unemployed. They will lose their benefits and any retirement built up since entering the union. Workers must make that ultimate decision in the beginning. The union may fight for the ights of their members, but this service is far from free. Fortunately for a member, all union workers are treated equally in the workplace. There is no favoritism. Seniority is utilized for promotions. Raising wages and when they will occur is specified in a contract from the beginning. There are no â€Å"surprises†. Everyone is subject to the same guidelines and job responsibilities. Policies in a business without u nion representation can and will change without notice. In a union workplace, everything is determined beforehand. This benefits both employers and employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Unions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Unions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of Unions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Employees enjoy more consistency because they know what is expected of them. Employers benefit from a more content work force and less time spent on training to enforce constant changes. Strikes are a powerful tool for unions. If demands or negotiations aren’t met by an employer, every member is expected to quit work immediately. These can cause serious repercussions to people even if they aren’t involved in the debate. For example, if teachers go on strike in order to negotiate higher wages, school has to be canceled and students are put out of class. Nurses can seriously hurt how a hospital is run. Without nurses, there would be nobody licensed to take care of the patients other than doctors, therefore putting the patient’s health at risk. Strikes are rare but the potential still must be considered when discussing the benefits or problems with unionized labor. Current union workers will tell you being a member of a union today isn’t the same as it was in the 1970’s or 1980’s. The advantages now are far less than it was then. The decline in employers that hire union workers has made it difficult to find work. Some only work half of the year in their particular trade because so many employers would rather save the bottom dollar than hire a skilled professional through a union (Jaggers, 2011). The bad reputation of unions precedes them therefore slowing down recruitment of future union members. To an extent, this is due to lack of information to the general public about the benefits that a union provides to employers and employees. Unions exist to make life better for employees, but they also provide benefits to employers. Had it not been for unions, there would not be your typical 40 hour work week, an established minimum wage, or even overtime wages. Unions may seem outdated now, but they did serve their purpose when they were formed and for many years thereafter. Works Cited Ashcroft, John D. and Janet E. Ashcroft. Law for Business, Seventeenth Edition. South-Western, Cengage Learning, 2011. Harding, Jeff. â€Å"Why Unions Are Bad for the Economy. † 22 July 2011 The Daily Capitalist. Jaggers, James (current member of Local Sprinkler Fitters Union 669). Interview with Wendy McKamie 26 September 2011.

Battle of Cerro Gordo in the Mexican-American War

Battle of Cerro Gordo in the Mexican-American War The Battle of Cerro Gordo was fought April 18, 1847, during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). Armies Commanders United States Major General Winfield Scott8,500 men Mexico General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna12,000 men Background Though Major General Zachary Taylor had won a string of victories at Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, and Monterrey, President James K. Polk elected to shift the focus of American efforts in Mexico to Veracruz. Though this was largely due to Polks concerns about Taylors political ambitions, it was also supported by reports that an advance against Mexico City from the north would be impractical. As a result, a new force was organized under Major General Winfield Scott and directed to capture the key port city of Veracruz. Landing on March 9, 1847, Scotts army advanced on the city and captured it after a twenty-day siege. Establishing a major base at Veracruz, Scott began making preparations to advance inland before yellow fever season arrived. From Veracruz, Scott had two options for pressing west towards the Mexican capital. The first, the National Highway, had been followed by Hernn Cortà ©s in 1519, while the latter ran to the south through Orizaba. As the National Highway was in better condition, Scott elected to follow that route through Jalapa, Perote, and Puebla. Lacking sufficient transportation, he decided to send his army forward by divisions with that of Brigadier General David Twiggs in the lead. As Scott began leaving the coast, Mexican forces were gathering under the leadership of General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna. Though recently defeated by Taylor at Buena Vista, Santa Anna retained immense political clout and popular support. Marching east in early April, Santa Anna hoped to defeat Scott and use the victory to make himself dictator of Mexico. Santa Annas Plan Correctly anticipating Scotts line of advance, Santa Anna decided to make his stand at a pass near Cerro Gordo. Here the National Highway was dominated by hills and his right flank would be protected by the Rio del Plan. Standing around a thousand feet high, the hill of Cerro Gordo (also known as El Telegrafo) dominated the landscape and dropped to the river on the Mexican right. Approximately a mile in front of Cerro Gordo was a lower elevation which presented three steep cliffs to the east. A strong position in its own right, Santa Anna emplaced artillery atop the cliffs. To the north of Cerro Gordo was the lower hill of La Atalaya and beyond that the terrain was laced with ravines and chaparral which Santa Anna believed was impassable (Map). The Americans Arrive Having assembled around 12,000 men, some which were parolees from Veracruz, Santa Anna felt confident that he had created strong position on Cerro Gordo which would not be easily taken. Entering the village of Plan del Rio on April 11, Twiggs chased off a troop of Mexican lancers and soon learned that Santa Annas army was occupying the nearby hills. Halting, Twiggs awaited the arrival of Major General Robert Pattersons Volunteer Division which marched in the next day. Though Patterson held a higher rank, he was ill and allowed Twiggs to begin planning an attack on the heights. Intending to launch the assault on April 14, he ordered his engineers to scout the ground. Moving out on April 13, Lieutenants W.H.T. Brooks and P.G.T. Beauregard successfully used a small path to reach the summit of La Atalaya in the Mexican rear. Realizing that the path could allow the Americans to flank the Mexican position, Beauregard reported their findings to Twiggs. Despite this information, Twiggs decided to prepare a frontal attack against the three Mexican batteries on the cliffs using Brigadier General Gideon Pillows brigade. Concerned about the possible high casualties of such a move and the fact that the bulk of the army had not arrived, Beauregard expressed his opinions to Patterson. As a result of their conversation, Patterson removed himself from the sick list and assumed command on the night April 13. Having done so, he ordered the next days assault postponed. On April 14, Scott arrived at Plan del Rio with additional troops and took charge of operations. A Stunning Victory Assessing the situation, Scott decided on sending the bulk of the army around the Mexican flank, while conducting a demonstration against the heights. As Beauregard had taken ill, additional scouting of the flanking route was conducted by Captain Robert E. Lee from Scotts staff. Confirming the feasibility of using the path, Lee scouted further and was nearly captured. Reporting his findings, Scott sent construction parties to widen the path which was dubbed the Trail. Ready to advance on April 17, he directed Twiggs division, consisting of brigades led by Colonels William Harney and Bennet Riley, to move over the trail and occupy La Atalaya. Upon reaching the hill, they were to bivouac and be ready to attack the next morning. To support the effort, Scott attached Brigadier General James Shields brigade to Twiggs command. Advancing onto La Atalaya, Twiggs men were attacked by Mexicans from Cerro Gordo. Counterattacking, part of Twiggs command advanced too far and came under heavy fire from the main Mexican lines before falling back. During the night, Scott issued orders that Twiggs should work west through heavy woods and cut the National Highway in the Mexican rear. This would be supported by an attack against the batteries by Pillow. Dragging a 24-pdr cannon to the top of the hill during the night, Harneys men renewed the battle on the morning of April 18 and assaulted the Mexican positions on Cerro Gordo. Carrying the enemy works, they forced the Mexicans to flee from the heights. To the east, Pillow began moving against the batteries. Though Beauregard had recommended a simple demonstration, Scott ordered Pillow to attack once he heard firing from Twiggs effort against Cerro Gordo. Protesting his mission, Pillow soon worsened the situation by arguing with Lieutenant Zealous Tower who had scouted the approach route. Insisting on a different path, Pillow exposed his command to artillery fire for much of the march to the attack point. With his troops taking a battering, he next began to berate his regimental commanders before leaving the field with a minor arm wound. A failure on many levels, the ineffectiveness of Pillows attack had little influence on the battle as Twiggs had succeeded in turning Mexican position. Distracted by the battle for Cerro Gordo, Twiggs only sent Shields brigade to sever the National Highway to the west, while Rileys men moved around the west side of Cerro Gordo. Marching through thick woods and un-scouted ground, Shields men emerged from the trees around the time that Cerro Gordo was falling to Harney. Possessing only 300 volunteers, Shields was turned back by 2,000 Mexican cavalry and five guns. Despite this, the arrival of American troops in the Mexican rear sparked a panic among Santa Annas men. An attack by Rileys brigade on Shields left reinforced this fear and led to a collapse of the Mexican position near the village of Cerro Gordo. Though forced back, Shields men held the road and complicated the Mexican retreat. Aftermath With his army in complete flight, Santa Anna escaped the battlefield on foot and headed for Orizaba. In the fighting at Cerro Gordo, Scotts army sustained 63 killed and 367 wounded, while the Mexicans lost 436 killed, 764 wounded, around 3,000 captured, and 40 guns. Stunned by the ease and completeness of the victory, Scott elected to parole the enemy prisoners as he lacked the resources to provide for them. While the army paused, Patterson was dispatched to pursue the Mexicans retreating towards Jalapa. Resuming the advance, Scotts campaign would culminate with the capture of Mexico City in September after further victories at Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec. Selected Sources PBS: Battle of Cerro GordoThe Aztec Club of 1847US Grant Memoirs: Battle of Cerro Gordo

Accomplishment Report

Commercial property valuation requires a more complex method, taking into account the income potential of the property, historical revenue, cash flow with owner perks removed and much more. b. Residential Properties type of property is by far the most popular with both new and experienced agents. Real estate agents then further specialize in types of homes, including condominiums, separate homes, duplexes, high value homes, vacations homes, etc. c. Industrial Land situated in areas that are exclusively reserved and used for industrial purpose. 2. Land Improvement 3. Chattel is a term in the world which refers to personal property which can be moved; it is also known as movable property. Some examples of chattel include jewelry, cars, and furniture. Some people just call chattel â€Å"personal property,† differentiating it from things like real estate with the term â€Å"immovable property. † Assessors also look at building value under the cost analysis method, but only in terms of how much it cost to construct them. The corporation determines, at the outset of incorporating, how many shares it shall issue and what classes of shares (No Par, Par, Common, Preferred, Participating, tc. ) it will issue. Valuation Procedures 1. Cost Approach – valuation method is based on the principle that no prudent purchaser will pay more than what it cost him to acquire an equally desirable substitute site and to build a similar improvement of equal desirability and utility. 2. Income Approach – based on the principle that value tends to be set by the present worth of the right to future net benefits that may be derived from ownership. Important Document that an Appraiser should be able to look and verify: a. Sales invoice b. Letter of credit c. Deed of assignment CHAPTER 11 SHARES OF STOCKS AS COLLATERAL Capital stock has to do with all the shares of stock that represent the ownership of a given company. The exact number of shares that can be issued in the way of capital stock is normally recorded in the current balance sheet for a company. Capital stock will involve all types or classes of stock that the company is authorized to issue. The basis for issuing capital stock is normally outlined in the charter of the corporation. Common stock is stock in a company which comes with voting rights and an opportunity to share in the profits of the company. This type of stock is commonly issued by companies’ making offerings of stock and is a popular choice for people interested in buying and selling stocks. Prices for common stock vary depending on market pressures. Stock exchanges offer opportunities for people to buy, sell, and trade common stock with each other and with brokers. This type of stock should be contrasted with preferred stock, another type of stock which works slightly differently. Preferred stock offers several advantages over common stock. The first advantage is a fixed dividend, which generates more reliable returns than common stock; although it also means that the stockholder can miss out when large profits are made because the dividend will not be adjusted. Preferred stock, also known as non-participating preferred stock, is a type of stock that pays the investor a specific dividend only. In addition, in the event of a bankruptcy, preferred stockholders are ahead of holders of common stock, as are creditors, lien holders, and so forth. There are some advantages to holding common stock. Voting rights can be important because they allow people to vote on members of the board of directors, policy, and stock splits, which gives them a role in the governance of the company. Convertible preferred stock is a type of preferred stock that has the option of being converted into common shares issued by the same company. One of the less commonly employed approaches of issuing shares of stock. Participating preferred stock dividends are usually a fixed percentage of the par value of the stock. Participating preferred stock owners usually do not have any voting rights at stockholder meetings. Owners of common stock do have voting rights Cumulative participating preferred stock can accrue dividends that will be paid to the investor once the company’s performance improves. In finance, par value is the least amount that a share of stock can be sold for, according to the terms and conditions that are found in the regulations of the issuing company. CHAPTER 12 LAND AS COLLATERAL Collateral is borrowing funds often requires the designation of collateral on the part of the recipient of the loan. Collateral is simply assets that have been pledged by the recipient as security on the value of the loan. In the event that circumstances make it impossible for the recipient to repay the loan, ownership of the collateral is transferred to the entity that issued the loan in order to settle the debt. Function of Land it provides â€Å"standing room†. In spite of the fact man has learned to fly, and to dive under the surface of the water in submersible ships, we are still bound pretty close to the surface of the earth. Modes of acquiring title: . Public grant – acquisition of public land of homestead patent, sales patent and miscellaneous patent. 2. Private grant – voluntary transfer or conveyances as deed of sale, donation, exchange or assignment. 3. Involuntary grant – acquisition against consent of former owner, such as foreclosure or sale. 4. Inheritance – acceptance of hereditary succession. 5. Reclamation – filling of submerged land subj ect to government regulation and existing laws. 6. Accretion – more lands adjoining banks or rivers due to gradual deposit of soil. 7. Prescription – title by actual, open continuous and uninterrupted possession for a period of time under claim of title. Zonal valuation Different approaches to valuation of properties have been introduced in this country. In the case of land, not only it its price dictated by the interplay of supply and demand but moreover by the concept of zonal valuation instituted by the government. Government agencies like the Office of the Register of Deeds under the Department of Justice. IMPORTANT FACTORS IN OWNERSHIPPEACE AND ORDER The prevailing peace and order affects the value of the land. Today, a number of areas in the country are infested by the presence of bandits and other lawless elements like the NPAs for instance. They are known to have been exacting be so-called â€Å"revolutionary tax† on business establishment in such areas. Such deplorable conditions inhibit buyers from any interest. In buying such land or even in locating their business establishments. CHAPTER13 COLLECTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES Collections are a part of a process in the accounts receivable or billing department. It means that, at some point in time, a company xtended to another company or an individual credit terms for goods or services, or a cash loan advance of some kind that was to be paid or repaid at a certain time. If that bill is not paid when it is due, or within an agreed upon grace period, the collection process begins. Collection procedures usually consist of a set of in-house company policies that are written in a manual or guidebook of some kind, though smaller compan ies may not have a manual. Usually, law firms that engage in collection practices will have manuals and training classes for their employees before they make their first collection call to a debtor. Most of the time, large corporations and small companies have a collection manager or collection department that will go through certain housekeeping procedures before an unpaid debt is turned over to a lawyer. Laws and Regulations The laws that cover collection policies and procedures are mandated by federal and state governments. On the federal level, the Federal Trade Commission regulates what is called the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA). In the case of a conflict between state and federal law, federal law prevails. Those who extend credit to others should be aware of the legal rules about how to collect money that is past due, particularly as those rules apply to bankruptcy. A collection policy is a set of business practices and procedures that outline the way a company goes about collecting money owed to it as a result of an extension of credit. Companies often allow their best business customers to establish payment terms that give the customer an extended amount of time, such as 30, 60 or 90 days, to pay an outstanding invoice. Other companies extend credit to individual consumers and implement a collection policy to control the process of obtaining payment on the credit account. Credit extensions allow individual consumers to obtain needed merchandise upfront but pay for purchase over time. In the case of business-to-business transactions, the extension of credit is carried on the supplier’s book under accounts receivable. Extensions of consumer credit are typically carried on the books under a separate consumer credit category that is also a type of receivable. Accounts receivable is a company’s list of outstanding extensions of credit to customers. The company’s collection policy establishes how the accounts receivable or collections department should go about reminding customers that payments are due and how the department should handle delinquent accounts or accounts that are not paid as agreed. Types of Bad Debt Buyers Also known as junk debt buyers, bad debt buyers are firms that purchase unpaid debts from different types of creditors at rates that are below the actual face value of the debts, and then attempt to collect the full amount plus interest and penalties from the debtor. Bad debt buyers sometimes specialize on securing and collecting specific types of debt, including credit card debt, business debt, or loan debt. Credit card bad debt buyers are one of the more common types of junk debt buyers. Here, the buyer purchases old credit card accounts with outstanding balances that the originator was unable to collect. CHAPTER 14 BANKRUPTCY Bankruptcy is the process where a person legally declares himself or his business unable to pay outstanding debts. Depending upon the type filed, one meets with a judge to determine a payment schedule, or have a legal bankruptcy discharge most if not all debts. Businesses also may declare bankruptcy, which either means the business will close, or that the business will continue to operate with reduced payments to debtors It depends on what type the person intends to file, and also how quickly he or she can gather together information about his or her income and debts. Bankruptcy is the most common proceeding, and it is usually filed when a person doesn’t have a large number of assets that he or she needs to protect. Financial distress may also occur due to unforeseen factors that have an adverse effect on the different revenue streams that the corporation enjoys. The bankruptcy action may be necessary to protect the business from creditors while the company is reorganized under the direction of the courts, allowing the corporation to at least have a chance of getting back on a firm financial foundation. Liquidation maybe partial or complete, depending on the amount of debt involved. With a partial liquidation, the business sells off assets, including divisions of the business that are not needed for the continued operation of the core businesses. A complete liquidation means the selling of all assets and the eventual dismantling of the company as a business entity. Insolvency is the inability of a person to meet his obligations as they mature (Equity sense). It refers to the excess of liabilities, in the case of corporation, excluding capital stock over assets. (Bankruptcy sense) Two types of Insolvency Voluntary Insolvency Under voluntary insolvency, an insolvent debtor, owing debts exceeding in amount the sum of P1,000. 00 may apply to be discharged from his debts and liabilities by filing a petition with the Court of First Instance of the province or city which is the domicile of the petitioner for six months preceding the petition. He shall moreover annex to his petition a schedule and inventory in the form as prescribed under the Declaration of Insolvency Upon receipt of such petition, together with the schedule and inventory, the court or the judge thereof in vacation, shall make an order declaring the petitioner insolvent. Involuntary Insolvency an adjudication of insolvency may be made on the petition of three or more creditors, residents of the Philippines, whose credits or demands accrued in the Philippines, and the amount of which credits or demands are in the aggregate of not less than one thousand pesos. Provided, that none of the said creditors has become a creditor by assignment, however made, within 30 days prior to the filing of said petition. The following shall be considered acts of insolvency, and the petition for insolvency shall set forth one or more of such acts: 1. That such person is about to depart or has departed from the Philippines, with intend to defraud his creditors; 2. That being absent from the Philippines, with intend to defraud his creditors, he remains absent; 3. That he conceals himself to avoid the service if legal process for the purpose of hindering or delaying or defrauding his creditors. 4. That he conceals, or removing, any of his property to avoid its being attached or taken in legal process; 5. That he has suffered his property to remain under attachment or legal process for 3 days for the purpose of hindering or delaying or defrauding his creditors; 6. That he has confessed or offered to allow judgment in favor of any creditor or claimant for the purpose of hindering or delaying or defrauding his creditors or claimant; 7. That he is willfully suffered judgment to be taken against him by default purpose of hindering or delaying or defrauding his creditors or claimant; 8. . That he has suffered or procured his property to be taken on legal process with the intent to give a preference to one or more of his creditors and thereby hinder, delay or defraud any of his creditor; 9. That he has made any assignment, gift, sale, conveyance, or transfer of his estate, property, rights, or credits for purpose of hindering or delaying or defrauding his creditors or claimant; 10. That he has, in contemplation of insolvency, made any payment, gift, grant, sale, conveyance, or transfer of his estate, property, rights, or credits; 11. That being a merchant or tradesman has generally defaulted in the payment of his current obligations for period of 30 days; 12. That for a period of 30 says he has failed after demand, to pay any money deposited with him or received by him in a fiduciary capacity; and 13. That an execution having been issued against him on final judgment for money, he shall have been found to be without sufficient property to execution to satisfy the judgment.

Spss statistical analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Spss statistical analysis - Term Paper Example The quality of a lecture is measured on the ordinal scale from 1 to 100. The t-test is used for repeated measurements (Field 2009). There are two pairs of no aids-few aids and few aids-many aids and the paired t-test is performed on both of them. With the significant values of 0.006 and 0.000, both are smaller the cut off value of 0.05 the paired t-test showed that two all samples can be considered to have identical mean. In addition, lecture with few visual aids and many visual aids demonstrated significant correlation. The paired t-test revealed that there is no significant difference in the mean value of lecture quality depending on the amount of visual aids. It indicated that for all three cases an identical mean can be considered. The post hoc Tukey HSD indicates significant difference between groups of people training 6 and 12 weeks and between 6 weeks and 24 weeks. The 12 and 24 weeks groups did not show significant differences. The between-subject variable is the main sport of the participant which is defined in the first column. There are many ways to perform analysis of sport related statistical data (Williams & Wragg, 2004). This dataset contains two possible sport disciplines represented in this dataset. Independent samples test is an adequate research tool for this